Open Autonomy is an approach that allows mines to select different vendors for each layer of their autonomous system, from basic vehicle controls to high-level fleet management, rather than being locked into a single vendor's complete solution.

An autonomous system typically includes:

• Drive-by-wire controls for basic vehicle functions

• Vehicle interaction layer for individual behavior

• Mission control systems for multi-vehicle coordination

• Fleet management systems for operation optimization

• Safety and obstacle detection systems

ISO 23725 defines the standard interfaces between different system components, ensuring that solutions from different vendors can communicate effectively and safely with each other.

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